Primates Id code: amd352Cercopithecidae Procolobus badius (Kerr, 1792) (Eng) Red colobus (Fre) Colobe bai d’Afrique occidentale Taxonomic notes The taxonomy of red colobus monkeys is still poorly established, with various, commonly used classifications recognising from one up to five different species and several subspecies (Lee et al., 1988). Pending a reanalysis of their relationships and in accordance with Oates (1996), all the forms of red colobus have been included in P. badius. IUCN threat category P. badius is listed as Lower Risk, near threatened (LR: nt), while the following forms are considered (Baillie & Groombridge, 1996): P. b. bouvieri Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2c) P. b.preussi Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2ac) P. b. epieni Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2ac) P. b. gordonorum Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2abc) P. b. kirkii Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2c,C2a) P. b. pennantii Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2abcde, C1) P. b. rufomitratus Endangered (EN: criteria B1+2abcde, C2a) P. b. temminckii Endangered (EN: criteria A1c) P. b. waldroni Critically Endangered (CR: criteria A1c) P. b. foai Data Deficient (DD) P. b. langi Data Deficient (DD) P. b. lulindicus Data Deficient (DD) P. b. parmentierorum Data Deficient (DD) P. b. semlikiensis Data Deficient (DD) Available information Most of the studies on the red colobus have been conducted in East Africa on the Zanzibar red colobus (Mturi, 1993; Silkiluwasha, 1981; Struhsaker & Leland, 1980) and on the Tana River red colobus (Decker, 1994; Decker & Kinnaird, 1992; Marsh, 1979; 1981a; 1981b; 1981c). All the authors mentioned give information on the main aspects of its ecology, focusing mainly on its feeding habits, social behaviour and population dynamics. Status and threats, particularly habitat loss and fragmentation, of the Tana River red colobus were recently investigated by Decker (1994), Decker & Kinnaird (1992) and Medley (1993). A study on the feeding ecology of this species was conducted in former Zaire (Maisels et al., 1994). In West Africa, Galat & Galat-Luong (1985) conducted a comparative study on the ecology and niche separation in a primate community in Ivory Coast. Data on habitat preferences and use of secondary growth forest in Sierra Leone are found in Fimbel (1994). Some information on the interspecific relationships among coexisting primates in the Mwanihana Forest (Tanzania) are found in Wasser (1993). The role of red colobus in the chimpanzees' diet and the interactions among those two primate species are analysed in Boesch (1994). Aspects of the species' ecology, particularly niche separation and coexistence with the black-and-white colobus monkey and the red tail monkey were studied in Uganda by Struhsaker & Oates (1979) and Struhsaker (1980).The most comprehensive study on this species in west Africa was carried out by Starin (1981, 1991). Quite updated data on presence and status of the red colobus on Bioko Island and in part of Cameroon and Congo are found in Butynski & Koster (1994) and Mitani (1990) respectively. Some information on its presence is also available for of former Zaire (Rahm & Christiaensen, 1966; Colyn, 1987) and for Ghana (Booth, 1979). General information on the species' ecology is found in Groves et al. (1974), Kingdon (1997), Rahm (1970) and Stuart & Stuart (1997). Conservation issues are discussed in Mittermeier (1986) and Struhsaker (1981). Overall status, threats, and distribution of this species are discussed in Oates (1986, 1994, 1996). Known extent of occurrence 
The species ranges discontinuously through the west-African forest block extending into central-eastern Africa as far as Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania (Lee et al., 1988). A first rough distribution map was obtained from Kingdon (1971-77) and subsequently updated with maps found in Kingdon (1997). Finally the red colobus range was corrected to match the river network (Fig. 2.3.38.a). Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model This species is restricted to montane, lowland and gallery forests; it also occurs in mangroves (Lee et al., 1988; Bourlière, 1985; Oates, 1996; Groves et al., 1974). Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 2.3.38.b) (2.3.38.a):
Tab 2.3.38.a: Cumulative size (km2) of areas pertaining to each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.
Tab 2.3.38.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes. Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 2.3.38.c. Validation
Tab 2.3.38.c: Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model validation parameters. Comments and conservation issues The large EO in Fig. 2.3.38.a includes all subspecies and can be used only to consider the overall status of the species without any appreciation of the subspecies level. However, consideration of the species level is of particular importance as the limited conservation resources should give priority to the species rather than to the lower systematic categories. In this view, the species has a large though considerably fragmented EO. Although the overall suitability of the EO is significant (68% is suitable and 12% is moderately suitable), both models agree in identifying areas of evident lower suitability: these areas support most of the endangered subspecies which also owe their status to the poor quality of their range. Beside the small populations living on Bioko and Zanzibar, populations living in Senegal, Gambia and Guinea also have low suitability areas. The ranges in Ivory Coast and Ghana are highly fragmented and of poor quality, as are those in Tanzania and Kenya. The Index of Accordance is quite low (39.19%) probably because riverine habitats are poorly represented at the resolution of the databank. The overall protection given to the species throughout its range is only 6% of the total, but the current priority is an analysis at the local subspecies level.
Tab 2.3.38.d: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas. References Baillie J., Groombridge B. (Eds) (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Boesch C. (1994). Chimpanzees-red colobus monkeys: A predator prey system. Anim. Behav.: 47(5), 1135-1148. Booth A.H. (1979). The distribution of primates in the Gold Coast. In: Sussman R.W. (Ed.). Primate Ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. Wiley, Chichester & New York: chap. 7: 139-154. Bourlière F. (1985). Primate communities: their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. Int J. Primatol.: 6, 1-26. Butynski T.M., Koster S.H. (1994). Distribution and conservation status of primates in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Biodiversity Conserv: 3(9), 893-909. Colyn M.M. (1987). Les primates de la foret ombrophile de la Cuvette du Zaire: interprétations zoogéographique des modèles de distribution. Rev. Zool. Africaine: 101, 183-196. Decker B.S. (1994). Effects of habitat disturbance on the behavioral ecology and demographics of the Tana River red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus). Int J. Primatol.: 15(5), 703-737. Decker B.S., Kinnaird M. (1992). Tana River red colobus and crested mangabey: results of recent censuses. Amer. J. Primatol.: 26, 47-52. Fimbel C. (1994). The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Biological Conservation: 70, 277-286. Galat G., Galat-Luong A. (1985). La communauté de Primates diurnes de la foret de Tai, Côte d'Ivoire. Revue de Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie): 40, 7-32. Groves C.P., Andrew R.J., Horne J.F.M. (1974). Tana river colobus and mangabey. Oryx: 12(5), 565-575. Kingdon J. (1971-77). East African Mammals. 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