PRIMATES

Full screen Primates Id code: amd304

Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus campbelli

Waterhouse, 1838

(Eng) Campbell's guenon

(Fre) Mone de Campbell

Taxonomic notes

Two subspecies have been described: C. c. campbelli and C. c. lowei (Lernould, 1988); some authors (such as Kingdon, 1997 and Napier & Napier, 1970) consider the latter (Lowe's monkey), ranging from the Sassandra to the Volta River, as a distinct species.

IUCN threat category

Not listed.

Available information

Good information is available on the ecology of the Campbell's monkey. The most complete description of habitat, diet, habits and behaviour is given by Bourliere et al. (1970). The authors conducted their study in Ivory Coast on a troup accustomed to humans. A comparative study on the use of young successional forests and old forest habitats was carried out in Sierra Leone on several primates including the Campbell’s monkey (Fimbel, 1994). Habitat preferences, diet and aspects of its behaviour were investigated by Galat & Galat-Luong (1985) in a forested habitat in Ivory Coast, where the authors conducted a study on the niche separation among diurnal primates. A detailed account of the geographic distribution and locations of collected specimens is given by Lernould (1988) and Oates (1988); the latter also gives a brief summary of the species’ habitat requirements. Some data on its distribution in Ghana are found in Booth (1979). General information on the species’ ecology is reported by several authors (Bourliere, 1985; Eisenberg et al., 1979; Kingdon, 1997; Stuart & Stuart, 1997). Threats, status and distribution are discussed in Oates (1996).

Known extent of occurrence

This guenon ranges from Gambia to Ghana (Wilson & Reeder, 1993; Oates, 1996) as shown in Fig. 2.3.6.a, which is derived from Lernould (1988).

Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model

This species inhabits both primary and secondary forest, including mangrove and gallery forests (Oates, 1988; Booth, 1979; Kingdon 1997).

Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 2.3.6.b) (Tab. 2.3.6.a):

Score (*)
1	Forests and mangroves.
2	Forest mosaics.
3	Savannas and croplands.
(*) Scores increased for vegetation types occurring inside a 1-km buffer around permanent water

suitable		moderately suitable		unsuitable		Total
km²	%	km²	%	km²	%	km²	%
292 167	55	171 421	32	70 442	13	534 030	100

Tab 2.3.6.a: Cumulative size (km²) of areas pertaining to each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.

	Number Patches (NP)	Mean Patch Size (MPS) km²	Patch Size SD (PSSD) km²	Largest Patch Index (LPI) %	Mean Shape Index (MSI)	Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)
suitable	269	1 088	15 402	54.27	1.34	23.9
moderately suitable	725	237	1 723	8.16	1.41	8.13
Total AO	82	5 669	49 490	97.04	1.49	10.45

Tab 2.3.6.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes.

Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model

The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 2.3.6.c.

Validation

No occurrence of the species within the four sample areas.

Comments and conservation issues

The preference of this species for a variety of forest conditions allows a wider distribution than most guenons which are strictly associated to primary forests. Most of the known EO is classified as suitable or moderately suitable areas. However, the CD model shows that unsuitable areas are widely scattered throughout the range, especially in the northern regions. Suitable areas are fragmented but the LPI indicates the availability of a large patch that accounts for at least 54% of the total; at the same time, the AWMSI of those areas shows that the shape is very indented and complex, an indication of high interspersion of areas of different suitability classes. The patchy trend is reduced when moderately suitable areas are also considered. Only 3% of the total AO is protected, but the species is not considered threatened.

SUITABILITY CLASS	inside	outside	Total
suitable	1.78	52.93	54.71
moderately suitable	0.92	31.18	32.10
unsuitable	0.84	12.35	13.19
Total	3.54	96.46	100

Tab 2.3.6.c: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas.

References

Booth A.H. (1979). The distribution of primates in the Gold Coast. In: Sussman R.W. (Ed.). Primate Ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. Wiley, Chichester & New York: chap. 7: 139-154.

Bourlière F. (1985). Primate communities: their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. Int J. Primatol.: 6, 1-26.

Bourlière F., Hunkeler C., Bertrand M. (1970). Ecology and behavior of Lowe's guenon (Cercopithecus campbelli lowei) in the Ivory Coast. In: Napier J.R., Napier P.H. (Eds). Old World Monkeys. Evolution, Systematics and Behavior. Academic Press, London and New York: pp 297-343.

Eisenberg J.F., Muckenhirn N., Rudran R. (1979). The relations between ecology and social structure in primates. [reprinted from Science (1972), 176: 863-874]. In: Sussman R.W. (Ed.). Primate Ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. Wiley, Chichester & New York. chap. 23: 455-484.

Fimbel C. (1994). The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Biological Conservation: 70, 277-286.

Galat G., Galat-Luong A. (1985). La communauté de Primates diurnes de la foret de Tai, Côte d'Ivoire. Revue de Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie): 40, 7-32.

Kingdon J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: Natural World.

Lernould J. (1988). Classification and geographical distribution of guenons: a review. In: Gautier-Hion A., Bourlière F., Gautier J., Kingdon J. (Eds). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. Cambridge University Press, New York: pp 54-78.

Napier J.R., Napier P.H. (Eds) (1970). Old World Monkeys. Evolution, Systematics and Behavior. Academic Press, London and New York.

Oates J.F. (1988). The distribution of Cercopithecus monkeys in West African forests. In: Gautier-Hion A., Bourlière F., Gautier J., Kingdon J. (Eds). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. Cambridge University Press, New York: pp 79-103.

Oates J.F. (1996). African Primates Status Survey and Conservation Action plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group.

Stuart C., Stuart T. (1997). Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers.

Wilson D.E., Reeder D.M. (Eds) (1993). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.