Carnivora Id code: amd127Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eng) Striped hyaena (Fre) Hyène rayée Taxonomic notes No significant taxonomic notes. IUCN threat category Not listed. Available information Literature available on the striped hyaena is very limited, and the ecology of this species in Africa is only superficially known. A review of its biology and natural history is found in Rieger (1979) and Rieger (1981). The only study on this species conducted in Africa is by Kruuk (1976); the author investigated diet, behaviour, spacing patterns, and coexistence with the spotted hyaena in the Serengeti (Tanzania). A few studies on the species' ecology were conducted in Israel (Macdonald, 1978; Skinner & Ilani, 1979; van Aarde et al., 1988). Notes on its ecology and distribution in West Africa are found in Happold (1987) and Rosevear (1974). Some data on the species' presence are also available for Egypt (Osborn & Helmy, 1980), Morocco (Anonymous, 1994; Aulagnier & Thévenot, 1986; Cuzin, 1996), and Ethiopia, Somalia, and Eritrea (Funaioli, 1971; Yalden et al., 1980; Yalden et al., 1996). General information on the species' ecology and distribtion are found in Estes (1991), Kingdon (1997), and Stuart & Stuart (1997). Known extent of occurrence 
The striped hyaena is recorded only in the northern and north-eastern part of Africa, its southernmost limit being in central Tanzania. A distribution map was given by Rieger (1981), but the more recent one in Estes (1991) was preferred and has been revised by Dr. M. G. L. Mills (25 March ‘97). (Fig. 3.4.3.a) Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model The species prefers dry savanna and avoids desert areas such as the central Sahara (Nowak, 1991; Haltenorth & Diller, 1980; Rieger, 1981; Osborn & Helmy, 1980; Kingdon, 1997). Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 3.4.3.b) (Tab. 3.4.3.a):
Tab 3.4.3.a: Cumulative size (km2) of areas pertaining to each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.
Tab 3.4.3.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes. Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 3.4.3.c. Validation
Tab 3.4.3.c: Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model validation parameters. Comments and conservation issues The known African EO of the species includes the Sahara desert where the species is absent: only 36% of the EO is classified as suitable and 30% as moderately suitable. The total is still very large (>10 million km2) and mostly unbroken (LPI = 42.21%). However, the northern part of the AO (north of the deserts) appears small and fragmented. Like those of the PC model, the results of the CD model, supported by the validation process (Index of Accordance of 55.02%), indicate a low suitability for Tanzania. Nevertheless they both appear rather inconsistent in the classifying most central and eastern parts of the range: the PC model tends to rank most of the east African ranges as unsuitable. The southern limit of the EO appears to be drawn very roughly almost as a straight line across the Sahel: this and our results indicate the need for new and good quality data on the species’ actual presence. Very little of this species’ AO is protected: <2% of the suitable areas and little more of the moderately suitable areas.
Tab 3.4.3.d: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas. References Anonymous (1994). Plan directeur des aires protégées: Les écosistemes marocaines et la situation de la flore et de la faune. Eaux & Forets: Tome 1, vol . 1. Aulagnier S., Thévenot M. (1986). Note sur les mammifères des environs de l'Embouchure de l'Oued Massa. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique (Rabat): 10, 193-199. Cuzin F. (1996). Répartition actuelle et statut des grands mammifères sauvages du Maroc (Primates, Carnivores, Artiodactyles). Mammalia: 60 (1), 101-124. Estes R.D. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. The University of California Press. Funaioli U. (1971). Guida breve dei mammiferi della Somalia. Istituto Agronomico per l'Oltremare. Biblioteca Agraria Tropicale. Haltenorth T., Diller H. (1980). A field guide to the mammals of Africa, including Madagascar. Collins, London. Happold D.C.D. (1987). The mammals of Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Kingdon J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: Natural World. Kruuk H. (1976). Feeding and social behavior of the striped hyena (Hyaena vulgaris). E. Afr. Wildl. J.: 14, 91-111. Macdonald D.W. (1978). Observations on the behaviour and ecology of the striped hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, in Israel. Israel J. Zool.: 27, 189-198. Nowak R.M. (1991). Walker's mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. Osborn D.J., Helmy I. (1980). The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana: Zoology: 1309, 1-579. Rieger I. (1979). A review of the biology of striped hyena, Hyaena hyaena (Linné, 1758). Saugetierk. Mitt.: 27, 81-95. Rieger I. (1981). Hyaena hyaena. Mammalian Species: 150, 1-5. Rosevear D.R. (1974). The Carnivores of West Africa. Trustees of British Museum (Natural History), London. Skinner J.D., Ilani G. (1979). The striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena of the Judean and Negev desert and a comparison with the brown hyaena H. brunnea. Israel J. Zool.: 28, 229-232. Stuart C., Stuart T. (1997). Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers. van Aarde R.J., Skinner J.D., Knight J.D., Skinner D.C. (1988). Range use by a striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) in the Negev desert. J. Zool., Lond.: 216, 575-577. Yalden D.W., Largen M.J., Kock D. (1980). Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia 4. Carnivora. Monitore Zoologico Italiano: suppl. XIII, 169-272. Yalden D.W., Largen M.J., Kock D., Hillman J.C. (1996). Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia and Eritrea. 7. Revised checklist, zoogeography and conservation. Tropical Zoology: 9, 73-164.
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