Primates Id code: amd081Cercopithecidae Mandrillus sphinx (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eng) Mandrill (Fre) Mandrill Taxonomic notes Formerly included in Papio, Mandrillus was considered a full genus by Groves (1989). IUCN threat category Lower Risk and near threatened (LR: nt). Available information A quite detailed account of the main aspects of the ecology of this species is found in Harrison (1988). Data on its occurrence in Gabon and part of Cameroon and Congo are found in Blom et al. (1992) and Mitani (1990), respectively. The overall species' distribution is analysed in Grubb (1973). General information on the ecology of the species is found in Kingdon (1997) and Stuart & Stuart (1997). Status, threats, and conservation issues are discussed in Lee et al. (1988) and Oates (1996); both the authors also give some information on the species' ecology, particularly its habitat. Known extent of occurrence 
The Mandrill is found south of the Sanaga River in Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon and parts of Congo, but there are still question about its eastern limits, which may coincide with the Ivindo and Ogooué Rivers (Harrison, 1988; Kingdon, 1997). The species' distribution in Fig. 2.3.29.a was obtained from Gadsby et al. (1994) and checked to match the river network. Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model The preferred habitat is primary rain forest, although the species also occurs in secondary forest and forest mosaics (Harrison, 1988; Kingdon, 1997; Lee et al., 1988). Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 2.3.29.b) (2.3.29.a):
Tab 2.3.29.a: Cumulative size (km2) of areas pertaining each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.
Tab 2.3.29.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes. Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 2.3.29.c. Validation
Tab 2.3.29.c: Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model validation parameters. Comments and conservation issues The known EO is divided into two separate areas: the southern one is classified by both models as less suitable than the northern one. The overall suitability is significant (84%) and fragmentation does not appear to be severe. However, as shown by the CD model, the coastal belt of forest appears much more interspersed with unsuitable areas than the internal part of the range. Though the Index of Accordance (60%) would allow for a good degree of confidence in the CD model, the low number of valid points (15) suggests some caution in overestimating the validation process for this species. This elusive species is strongly affected by human disturbance and, as this grows, it is urgent to know more about its ecological requirements. For now, it is classified as Lower Risk, but too little is known to be confident about this classification. Protected areas offer limited safety as they include only 6.7% of the total AO.
Tab 2.3.29.d: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas. References Blom A., Alers M.P.T., Feistner A.T.C., Barnes R.F.W., Barnes K.L. (1992). Primates in Gabon - current status and distribution. Oryx: 26(4), 223-234. Gadsby E.L., Jenkins P.D., Feistner A.T.C. (1994). Coordinating conservation for the Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus): endangered in forest and zoo. In: Olney P.J.S., Mace G.M., Feistner A.T.C. (Eds). Creative conservation. Interactive management of wild and captive animals. Chapman & Hall, London: pp 438-454. Groves C.P. (1989). A theory of human and primate evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. Grubb P. (1973). Distribution, divergence and speciation of the drill and mandrill. Folia Primatol.: 20, 161-177. Harrison M.J.S. (1988). The mandrill in Gabon's rain forest - ecology, distribution and status. Oryx: 22 (4), 218-228. Kingdon J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: Natural World. Lee P.C., Thornback J., Bennet E.L. (1988). Threatened Primates of Africa. IUCN, Gland - Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Mitani M. (1990). A note on the present situation of the primates fauna found from South-eastern Cameroon to Northern Congo. Primates: 31(4), 625-634. Oates J.F. (1996). African Primates Status Survey and Conservation Action plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Stuart C., Stuart T. (1997). Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers.
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