Full screen
Primates
Id code: amd069Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus lhoesti
Sclater, 1899
(Eng) L'Hoest's guenon
(Fre) Cercopithèque de l'Hoest
Taxonomic notes
It does not include preussi, which is a separate species (Wilson & Reeder, 1993; Oates, 1996).
IUCN threat category
Lower Risk, near threatened (LR: nt).
Available information
Information on the main aspects of the species’ ecology is found in several authors (Gartland & Struhsaker, 1979; Gautier-Hion, 1988; Harrison, 1988; Rahm, 1970; Struhsaker, 1979). Most of the authors mentioned above give particular attention to the interspecific relationships among coexisting primates. Notes on the ecology of the species in East Africa are found in Struhsaker (1981), who mainly focuses on conservation issues. No specific studies on habitat use and requirements have been conducted. The species’ distribution is discussed in Colyn (1988) and Lernould (1988).
General information on the species’ ecology and distribution are found in Kingdon (1997) and Stuart & Stuart (1997). Status and threats are analysed in Lee et al. (1988) and Oates (1996). Both authors include a description of its ecology.
Known extent of occurrence
The distribution map was obtained from Harrison (1988) and enlarged to include locations from Napier & Napier (1970). Further boundary adjustments were made on the basis of the river network and Kingdon (1997). As shown in Fig. 2.3.13.a, this species is restricted to east former Zaire (west of Zaire/Lualaba River), western Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi (Oates, 1996).
Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model
This specie prefers mature forest in montane and lowland areas; it also occurs in gallery and secondary forests (Lee et al., 1988; Lernould, 1988; Colyn, 1988; Rahm, 1970).
Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 2.3.13.b) (Tab. 2.3.13.a):
|
Score |
|
|
1 |
Primary forest. |
|
2 |
Secondary and degraded forests and forest mosaics. |
|
3(*) |
Savannas and croplands. |
|
(*) Scores increased for vegetation types occurring inside a 1-km buffer around permanent water |
|
|
suitable |
moderately suitable |
unsuitable |
Total |
||||
|
km2 |
% |
km2 |
% |
km2 |
% |
km2 |
% |
|
186 086 |
42 |
116 922 |
27 |
135 069 |
31 |
438 077 |
100 |
Tab 2.3.13.a: Cumulative size (km2) of areas pertaining to each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.
|
Number Patches (NP) |
Mean Patch Size (MPS) km2 |
Patch Size SD (PSSD) km2 |
Largest Patch Index (LPI) % |
Mean Shape Index (MSI) |
Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI) |
|
|
suitable |
209 |
884 |
10 302 |
48.85 |
1.3 |
7.9 |
|
moderately suitable |
350 |
339 |
2 576 |
12.18 |
1.44 |
8.18 |
|
Total AO |
134 |
2 265 |
24 260 |
92.89 |
1.53 |
11.11 |
Tab 2.3.13.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes.
Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model
The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 2.3.13.c.
Validation
|
% of EO in sample areas |
Number of valid plots |
Index of Accordance (%) |
|
5.39 |
30 |
70.00 |
Tab 2.3.13.c: Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model validation parameters.
Comments and conservation issues
About a third of the total EO appears to be unsuitable: the CD model, which appears to be amply supported by the Index of Accordance (70%), and to a lesser extent the PC model, show an unsuitable area in the eastern part of the range. With this exception, the AO is relatively unfragmented (LPI = 92.89%) and appears to be interspersed with unsuitable areas mostly toward the southern and eastern edges (AWMSI = 11.11). Of a total AO 300 000 km2, only 5% is included in existing protected areas.
|
SUITABILITY CLASS |
inside |
outside |
Total |
|
suitable |
2.18 |
40.30 |
42.48 |
|
moderately suitable |
1.34 |
25.35 |
26.69 |
|
unsuitable |
3.34 |
27.49 |
30.83 |
|
Total |
6.87 |
93.13 |
100 |
Tab 2.3.13.d: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas.
References
Allin C. (Ed.) (1989). International handbook of national parks and nature preserves. Greenwood Press, USA.
Colyn M.M. (1988). Distribution of guenons in the Zaire-Lualaba-Lomani river system. In: Gautier-Hion A., Bourlière F., Gautier J., Kingdon J. (Eds). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. Cambridge University Press, New York: pp 104-124.
Gartlan J.S., Struhsaker T.T. (1979). Polyspecific associations and niche separation of rain-forest anthropoids in Cameroon, West Africa. In: Sussman R.W. (Ed.). Primate Ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. Wiley, Chichester & New York: pp 155-164.
Gautier-Hion A. (1988). The diet and dietary habits of forest guenon. In: Gautier-Hion A., Bourlière F., Gautier J., Kingdon J. (Eds). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. Cambridge University Press, New York: pp 257-283.
Harrison M.J.S. (1988). A new species of guenon (genus Cercopithecus) from Gabon. J. Zool., Lond.: 215, 561-575.
Kingdon J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: Natural World.
Lee P.C., Thornback J., Bennet E.L. (1988). Threatened Primates of Africa. IUCN, Gland - Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Lernould J. (1988). Classification and geographical distribution of guenons: a review. In: Gautier-Hion A., Bourlière F., Gautier J., Kingdon J. (Eds). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. Cambridge University Press, New York: pp 54-78.
Napier J.R., Napier P.H. (Eds) (1970). Old World Monkeys. Evolution, Systematics and Behavior. Academic Press, London and New York.
Oates J.F. (1996). African Primates Status Survey and Conservation Action plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group.
Rahm U. (1970). Ecology, zoogeography and systematics of some African forest monkeys. In: Napier J.R., Napier P.H. (Eds). Old World Monkeys. Evolution, Systematics and Behavior. Academic Press, London and New York: pp 591-626.
Struhsaker T.T. (1979). Correlates of ecology and social organisation among African cercopithecines. In: Sussman R.W. (Ed.). Primate Ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. Wiley, Chichester & New York: chap. 20: 391-404.
Struhsaker T.T. (1981). Forest and primate conservation in East Africa. Afr. J. Ecol.: 19, 99-114.
Stuart C., Stuart T. (1997). Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers.
Wilson D.E., Reeder D.M. (Eds) (1993). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.