ARTIODACTYLA

Full screen Artiodactyla Id code: amd056

Bovidae
Cephalophus rufilatus

Gray, 1846

(Eng) Red-flanked duiker

(Fre) Céphalophe à flancs roux

Taxonomic notes

Two subspecies named (Meester & Setzer, 1971; Kingdon, 1997).

IUCN threat category

Lower Risk, conservation dependent (LR: cd).

Available information

Little is known on the ecology of this species. General information is found in Kingdon (1997), while Spinage (1986) briefly describes only its habitat and activity patterns. De Bie (1991) gives a description of the habitat in which the species occurs in the Baoulé District (Mali), while notes on habitat use in the Kisangani area (former Zaire) are found in Heymans & Lejoly (1981). The species' habitat in Nigeria is briefly described by Osemeobo (1988). Status, distribution, and some ecological notes are given in East (1988, 1990). Further information on its presence in Congo and Gabon is found in Dowsett (1993).

Known extent of occurrence

This duiker is widespread from Senegal, through Cameroon, up to south-western Sudan, north-eastern Uganda and north former Zaire (Wilson & Reeder, 1993; East, 1996). The distribution map was first acquired from Haltenorth & Diller (1980), refined on the basis of the specific country maps in East (1988, 1990) in order to adjust boundaries for Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, C.A.R., former Zaire and Sudan, as indicated by Dr. R. East (23 June '97) (Fig. 8.6.60.a).

Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model

The species lives in riverine forest and in forest relicts within savanna and savanna/forest mosaics (East, 1988; 1990; Kingdon, 1997).

Based on these environmental preferences, the following scores were assigned (Fig. 8.6.60.b) (8.6.60.a):

Score
1	Vegetation types occurring inside a 1-km buffer around permanent water, within forest, forest mosaics and savanna.
2	Forests and forest mosaics occurring outside a 1-km buffer around permanent water.
3	Savannas and croplands occurring outside a 1-km buffer around permanent water.

suitable		moderately suitable		unsuitable		Total
km²	%	km²	%	km²	%	km²	%
711 172	23	702 410	23	1 643 533	54	3 057 115	100

Tab 8.6.60.a: Cumulative size (km2) of areas pertaining to each environmental suitability class within the Extent of Occurrence.

	Number Patches (NP)	Mean Patch Size (MPS) km²	Patch Size SD (PSSD) km²	Largest Patch Index (LPI) %	Mean Shape Index (MSI)	Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)
suitable	3192	224	1 144	2.97	1.63	6.55
moderately suitable	1394	505	11 335	29.08	1.28	30.78
Total AO	1767	802	21 907	63.14	1.52	23.21

Tab 8.6.60.b: Area of Occupancy fragmentation indexes.

Probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model

The output of the probabilistic-continuous (PC) distribution model is shown in Fig. 8.6.60.c.

Validation

% of EO in sample areas	Number of valid plots	Index of Accordance (%)
8.33	63	71.43

Tab 8.6.60.c: Categorical-discrete (CD) distribution model validation parameters.

Comments and conservation issues

Although the known EO of the species includes more than 3 million km², the suitable areas are restricted to riverine forests and the total area is about 700 000 km². Suitable areas are therefore extremely small and patchy (MPS = 224 km²; LPI = 2.97%). Less patchy and larger are the moderately suitable areas, although the AWMSI indicate that they are very fragmented. As the species is closely associated to riverine areas, the PC model is not able to provide as useful a map as the CD model, which is, instead, well supported by the Index of Accordance (71.43%). The EO appears to extend perhaps too far into central Senegal and the more arid areas of southern Sudan, where the species' presence should be verified. A small percentage of the EO is included in existing protected areas, while up to 7% of the AO is protected.

SUITABILITY CLASS	inside	outside	Total
suitable	1.76	21.50	23.26
moderately suitable	1.04	21.93	22.98
unsuitable	4.50	49.26	53.76
Total	7.30	92.70	100

Tab 8.6.60.d: Percent of environmental suitability classes within EO (as obtained from the categorical-discrete distribution model) inside and outside the protected areas.

References

De Bie S. (1991). Wildlife resources in the West African savanna. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers: 91 (2), 1-267.

Dowsett R.J. (1993). The red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus does not occur in Congo and Gabon. Mammalia: 57(3), 445-446.

East R. (Ed.) (1988). Antelope Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part I: East and North East Africa. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group.

East R. (Ed.) (1990). Antelopes Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3: West and Central Africa. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group.

East R. (Ed.) (1996). Antelope survey update. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group: n° 2.

Haltenorth T., Diller H. (1980). A field guide to the mammals of Africa, including Madagascar. Collins, London.

Heymans J., Lejoly J. (1981). Sur la répartition des Cephalophinae en foret ombrophile. Rev. Zool. Africaine: 95, 1-10.

Kingdon J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: Natural World.

Meester J., Setzer H.W. (Eds) (1971). The Mammals of Africa, an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Osemeobo G.J. (1988). Animal wildlife conservation under multiple land-use systems in Nigeria. Environ. Conserv.: 15(3), 239-249.

Spinage C.A. (1986). The Natural History of Antelopes. Croom Helm Publishers Ltd, London. Mamm. Series.

Wilson D.E., Reeder D.M. (Eds) (1993). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.